Material removal machining, also called chipping, designates all mechanical machining methods, wherein the material is brought to the desired form by removing excess material in the form of chips. The notion of chipping is used principally in connection with metal working, although chipping working also refers to all other solid materials like wood and plastic. The basic principle of chipping is based on penetration of a wedge-shaped tool blade into the surface of the work piece, in order to peel off a thin layer of material, the chip. The tool material must always be harder than the material to be worked. The cutting edge can have a precisely defined edge geometry such as when turning, milling, and drilling, for example; or can be irregularly shaped as in the case of grinding, lapping, and honing.
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